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the primary meaning of a word

  • 1 primary

    primary ['praɪmərɪ] (pl primaries)
    (a) (main) principal, premier; (basic) principal, fondamental;
    ∎ our primary objective notre premier objectif, notre objectif principal;
    ∎ our primary duty notre premier devoir m;
    ∎ the primary meaning of this word le sens premier de ce mot;
    ∎ this question is of primary importance cette question revêt une importance capitale;
    ∎ the primary cause of the accident la cause principale de l'accident
    (c) School primaire
    (d) Economics primaire
    2 noun
    (a) Politics (in US) (élection f) primaire f
    (b) (school) école f primaire
    (c) (colour) couleur f primaire
    (d) Zoology rémige f
    (e) Electricity bobine f primaire
    ►► Music primary accent accent m principal;
    Electricity primary cell pile f primaire;
    Electricity primary circuit circuit m primaire;
    Electricity primary coil bobine f primaire;
    primary colour couleur f primaire;
    Marketing primary data informations fpl primaires, données fpl primaires;
    Finance primary dealer spécialiste mf en valeurs du Trésor;
    Marketing primary demand demande f primaire;
    American Stock Exchange primary earnings per share bénéfices mpl premiers par action;
    School primary education enseignement m primaire;
    Politics primary election (in US) (élection f) primaire f;
    Ornithology primary feather rémige f;
    primary health care soins mpl primaires;
    Medicine primary infection primo-infection f;
    Medicine primary lesion lésion f ou accident m primaire;
    Stock Exchange primary market marché m primaire, marché m du neuf;
    Astronomy primary planet planète f principale ou primaire;
    Commerce primary product matière f première, produit m brut;
    primary production production f de matières premières;
    Accountancy primary ratio ratio m des bénéfices d'exploitation sur le capital employé;
    Geology primary rocks roches fpl primaires;
    primary school école f primaire;
    primary school teacher instituteur(trice) m,f;
    Economics primary sector secteur m primaire;
    ∎ Economics the primary sector industries les industries fpl du secteur primaire;
    Linguistics primary stress accent m principal;
    Anatomy primary tooth dent f de lait
    ⓘ PRIMARIES Les élections primaires américaines (directes ou indirectes selon les États) aboutissent à la sélection des candidats qui seront en lice pour représenter les deux grands partis nationaux à l'élection présidentielle.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > primary

  • 2 primary

    1. adjective
    1) (first) primär (geh.); grundlegend

    primary source — Primärquelle, die (geh.)

    2) (chief) Haupt[rolle, -sorge, -ziel, -zweck]
    2. noun
    (Amer.): (election) Vorwahl, die
    * * *
    * * *
    pri·ma·ry
    [ˈpraɪməri, AM -meri]
    I. adj inv
    1. (principal) primär geh, Haupt-
    \primary concern Hauptanliegen nt
    to have \primary jurisdiction zuständig sein
    the FBI still has \primary jurisdiction die Zuständigkeit liegt zunächst beim FBI
    \primary responsibility Hauptverantwortlichkeit f
    2. (not derivative) roh gewonnen, Roh-
    \primary source materials Rohmaterialien pl
    3. esp BRIT, AUS (education) Grundschul[s]-
    II. n AM POL (election) Vorwahl f
    * * *
    ['praImərɪ]
    1. adj
    (= chief, main) Haupt-, wesentlich, primär (form)

    of primary importance —

    at primary level ( Brit Sch ) — in der Grundschule, auf Grundschulniveau

    2. n
    1) (= colour) Grundfarbe f
    2) (esp Brit: primary school) Grundschule f
    3) (US: election) (innerparteiliche) Vorwahl
    * * *
    primary [ˈpraımərı; US auch -ˌmeriː]
    A adj
    1. erst(er, e, es), ursprünglich, anfänglich, Erst…, Anfangs…, Ur…:
    primary election → B 6 a;
    primary infection MED Erstansteckung f;
    primary instinct Urinstinkt m;
    primary matter Urstoff m, Urmaterie f;
    primary meeting → B 6 b;
    primary rocks pl Urgestein n, Urgebirge n;
    primary tumo(u)r Primärtumor m (besonders des Krebses)
    2. primär, hauptsächlich, wichtigst(er, e, es), Haupt…:
    primary accent ( oder stress) LING Hauptakzent m;
    primary circuit → B 4 a;
    primary concern Hauptsorge f;
    primary electrons PHYS primäre Elektronen, Primärelektronen;
    primary emission ELEK Primäremission f;
    a) gesetzliches Beweismittel,
    b) Prima-facie-Beweis m, Anscheinsbeweis m;
    primary group SOZIOL Primärgruppe f;
    of primary importance von höchster Wichtigkeit;
    primary liability JUR unmittelbare Haftung;
    primary literature Primärliteratur f;
    primary planet → B 5;
    primary quality Haupteigenschaft f;
    primary quill ( oder feather) → B 3 a;
    primary road Straße f erster Ordnung;
    primary winding → B 4 b;
    primary wing → B 3 b
    3. grundlegend, elementar, Grund…:
    a) US Grundschul-, Br Grund- und Hauptschul(aus)bildung f,
    b) US Grundschul-, Br Grund- und Hauptschulwesen n;
    a) Br Grund- und Hauptschule f,
    b) US Grundschule f;
    primary industry Grundstoffindustrie f;
    primary ingredient ( oder component) Grund-, Hauptbestandteil m;
    primary meaning Ur-, Grundbedeutung f;
    a) WIRTSCH Grundstoff m,
    b) Urprodukt n
    4. GEOL
    a) paläozoisch
    b) zuerst oder ursprünglich entstanden
    5. CHEM
    a) primär, sauer
    b) Primär…
    6. LING
    a) primär (aus einer unabgeleiteten Form) abgeleitet (Ableitung)
    b) zu einer Hauptzeit gehörig, besonders auf Präsens oder Futur bezüglich
    B s
    1. (der, die, das) Erste oder Wichtigste, Hauptsache f
    2. Primär-, Grundfarbe f
    3. ZOOL
    a) ORN Hauptfeder f, Schwungfeder f erster Reihe
    b) Vorderflügel m (von Insekten)
    4. ELEK
    a) Primär(strom)kreis m
    b) Primärwicklung f
    5. ASTRON Hauptplanet m
    6. POL US
    a) Vorwahl f (zur Aufstellung von Wahlkandidaten)
    b) Versammlung f zur Nominierung der Wahlkandidaten
    prim. abk
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (first) primär (geh.); grundlegend

    primary source — Primärquelle, die (geh.)

    2) (chief) Haupt[rolle, -sorge, -ziel, -zweck]
    2. noun
    (Amer.): (election) Vorwahl, die
    * * *
    adj.
    anfangs... adj.
    primär adj.
    ursprünglich adj.

    English-german dictionary > primary

  • 3 primary

    /'praiməri/ * tính từ - nguyên thuỷ, đầu, đầu tiên =primary rocks+ đá nguyên sinh - gốc, nguyên, căn bản =the primary meaning of a word+ nghĩa gốc của một từ - sơ đẳng, sơ cấp =primary school+ trường sơ cấp =primary education+ giáo dục sơ đẳng =primary particle+ (vật lý) hạt sơ cấp - chủ yếu, chính, bậc nhất =the primary aim+ mục đích chính =primary stress+ trọng âm chính =the primary tenses+ (ngôn ngữ học) những thời chính (hiện tại, tương lai, quá khứ) =of primary importance+ quan trọng bậc nhất - (địa lý,địa chất) (thuộc) đại cổ sinh !primary battery - (điện học) bộ pin !primary meeting (assembly) - hội nghị tuyển lựa ứng cử viên * danh từ - điều đầu tiên - điều chính, điều chủ yếu, điều căn bản - (hội họa) màu gốc - (thiên văn học) hành tinh sơ cấp (hành tinh xoay quanh mặt trời) - hội nghị tuyển lựa ứng cử viên - (địa lý,địa chất) đại cổ sinh

    English-Vietnamese dictionary > primary

  • 4 primary

    ˈpraɪmərɪ
    1. сущ.
    1) обыкн. мн. что-л. основополагающее, первостепенной важности Syn: fundamental
    2) астр. планета солнечной системы Syn: primary planet
    3) а) основной цвет Syn: primitive, primary colour б) восприятие основного цвета
    4) амер. а) предварительные выборы б) голосование для выставления кандидатов от своей партии на выборы в) предварительное предвыборное собрание для выдвижения кандидатов closed primary contested primary direct primary divisive primary open primary preferential primary presidential primary uncontested primary
    5) электр. первичная обмотка( трансформатора)
    6) геол. палеозойская эра
    2. прил.
    1) а) первоначальный, первичный primary electron ≈ первичный электрон the primary stage of civilization ≈ примитивная стадия цивилизации primary rocks ≈ первичные породы Syn: primitive б) исходный, непроизводный, элементарный primary goods ≈ сырьевые материалы, сырье primary products ≈ сырье Syn: initial в) самый ранний, начальный, первый primary tooth ≈ молочный зуб primary school ≈ начальная школа Syn: milk tooth
    2) основной;
    базисный, важнейший, ведущий, главный primary purpose ≈ основная цель primary task ≈ первоочередная задача primary device ≈ основное устройство primary necessities ≈ предметы первой необходимости Security is a primary need. ≈ Обеспечение безопасности это самая важная необходимость. primary planet ≈ планета солнечной системы primary right ≈ приоритет Syn: chief, main, basic, fundamental
    3) непосредственный, прямой primary sources of information ≈ сведения из первоисточника Syn: direct, firsthand
    4) предварительный, подготовительный primary instruction ≈ предварительная инструкция
    5) биол. простейший что-л. имеющее первостепенное значение (американизм) первичные, предварительные выборы, голосование (сторонников какой-л. партии) для определения кандидатов на выборах - closed * закрытые, предварительные выборы ( с проверкой права голосующих на участие в них) - open * открытые предварительные выборы - run-off * второй тур предварительных выборов (на голосование ставятся две кандидатуры, получившие большинство голосов) предварительное предвыборное собрание для выдвижения кандидатов (обыкн. с участием сторонников одной партии) (зоология) маховое перо первого порядка (электротехника) первичная обмотка( трансформатора) планета солнечной системы (в отличие от спутников) (физическое) первичный электрон;
    первичная частица (геология) палеозой, палеозойская эра начальная школа школа для детей в возрасте от 5 до 11 лет( в Англии) первоначальный;
    самый ранний;
    первый - * source первоисточник - * amputation (медицина) ампутация, произведенная в первые 24 часа - * care первая помощь - * health worker фельдшер * stage of civilization начальная /самая ранняя, первичная/ ступень цивилизации (специальное) первичный - * rocks( геология) первичные /первозданные/ породы - * element( химическое) первичный элемент - * carbon( химическое) первичный углеродный атом - * current( электротехника) ток, в первичной обмотке - * cell (электротехника) гальванический элемент простой, исходный - * goods /products/ сырье, сырьевые материалы - * producing countries страны, производящие сырье /производители сырья/ начальный, элементарный - * education /instruction/ начальное обучение - * trainer учебный самолет( для начальной летной подготовки) основной, важнейший, главный - * necessities предметы первой необходимости - * policy основная политическая линия - * resourses сырьевые ресурсы - * wing переднее крыло( у насекомого) ;
    маховое крыло( у птицы) - * need насущная необходимость - * activity (экономика) основной род занятий - * fire position( военное) основная огневая позиция - * target( военное) основная цель;
    цель первой очереди - * armament( военное) основное вооружение;
    (морское) артиллерия главного калибра - a matter of * importance вопрос первостепенной важности - our * concern наша первоочередная задача профилирующий (о продукции предприятия) - * to the industry профилирующий для данной области промышленности корневой - * word корневое слово основной - * accent /stress/ (фонетика) главное ударение - * meaning основное /первичное/ значение (математика) примарный of ~ importance первостепенной важности;
    primary needs самые насущные потребности;
    primary right приоритет primary важнейший ~ голосование для выставления кандидатов на выборах ~ (что-л.), имеющее первостепенное значение ~ (что-л.), имеющее первостепенное значение ~ вчт. исходный ~ исходный ~ основной, важнейший, главный ~ основной;
    важнейший, главный;
    primary colours основные цвета;
    the primary planets планеты, вращающиеся вокруг солнца ~ основной ~ основной цвет ~ геол. палеозойская эра ~ эл. первичная обмотка (трансформатора) ~ вчт. первичное выражение ~ амер. первичные, предварительные выборы, голосование для определения кандидата партии на выборах ~ (амер.) первичные, предварительные выборы, голосование для определения кандидата партии на выборах ~ вчт. первичный ~ первоначальный, первичный;
    primary school общая начальная школа (для детей от 5 до 11 лет) ~ первоначальный, первичный ~ первоначальный ~ астр. планета, вращающаяся вокруг солнца ~ предварительное предвыборное собрание для выдвижения кандидатов ~ предварительные выборы ~ биол. простейший ~ простой of ~ importance первостепенной важности;
    primary needs самые насущные потребности;
    primary right приоритет ~ основной;
    важнейший, главный;
    primary colours основные цвета;
    the primary planets планеты, вращающиеся вокруг солнца ~ rocks геол. первичные породы;
    primary products сырье;
    primary producing countries страны, производящие сырье ~ rocks геол. первичные породы;
    primary products сырье;
    primary producing countries страны, производящие сырье products: primary ~ сырье primary ~ сырьевые материалы of ~ importance первостепенной важности;
    primary needs самые насущные потребности;
    primary right приоритет ~ rocks геол. первичные породы;
    primary products сырье;
    primary producing countries страны, производящие сырье ~ первоначальный, первичный;
    primary school общая начальная школа (для детей от 5 до 11 лет) school: primary ~ начальная школа

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > primary

  • 5 primary

    1. [ʹpraım(ə)rı] n
    1. что-л. имеющее первостепенное значение
    2. амер.
    1) первичные, предварительные выборы, голосование (сторонников какой-л. партии) для определения кандидатов на выборах

    run-off primary - второй тур предварительных выборов (на голосование ставятся две кандидатуры, получившие большинство голосов)

    2) предварительное предвыборное собрание для выдвижения кандидатов (обыкн. с участием сторонников одной партии)
    3. = primary colour
    4. зоол. маховое перо первого порядка
    5. эл. первичная обмотка ( трансформатора)
    6. = primary planet
    7. физ. первичный электрон; первичная частица
    8. геол. палеозой, палеозойская эра
    9. = primary school
    2. [ʹpraım(ə)rı] a
    1. первоначальный; самый ранний; первый

    primary election = primary I 2, 1)

    primary assembly /meeting/ = primary I 2, 2)

    primary amputation - мед. ампутация, произведённая в первые 24 часа

    primary stage of civilization - начальная /самая ранняя, первичная/ ступень цивилизации

    2. спец. первичный

    primary rocks - геол. первичные /первозданные/ породы

    primary element - хим. первичный элемент

    primary carbon - хим. первичный углеродный атом

    primary current - эл. ток в первичной обмотке

    primary cell - эл. гальванический элемент

    3. простой, исходный

    primary goods /products/ - сырьё, сырьевые материалы

    primary producing countries - страны, производящие сырьё /производители сырья/

    4. начальный, элементарный

    primary education /instruction/ - начальное обучение

    5. 1) основной, важнейший; главный

    primary activity - эк. основной род занятий

    primary fire position - воен. основная огневая позиция

    primary target - воен. основная цель; цель первой очереди

    primary armament - а) воен. основное вооружение; б) мор. артиллерия главного калибра

    2) профилирующий ( о продукции предприятия)
    6. лингв.
    1) корневой
    2) основной

    primary accent /stress/ - фон. главное ударение

    primary meaning - основное /первичное/ значение

    7. мат. примарный

    НБАРС > primary

  • 6 मुख्यार्थ


    mukhyâ̱rtha
    m. the primary meaning of a word (as opp. to gauṇâ̱rtha, the secondary orﾠ metaphorical meaning) Ṡaṃk. Sāh. ;

    mfn. employed in ( orﾠ having) the original sense Siddh.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > मुख्यार्थ

  • 7 първи

    1. first
    първи май the first of May. ( пра тика) May Day
    първо число от месеца, първи the first of the month
    глава/страница първа chapter/page one
    номер/том първи number/volume one
    пристигам и пр. първи be the first to arrive, etc.; be first in the field
    те дойдоха първи they were the first to come
    първият ред в театър the front row
    първи балкон театр. a dress circle
    първият срещнат the first man one meets
    първо лице грам. first person
    свиря първа цигулка play first fiddle (и прен.)
    първи братовчед a first cousin
    дете на първи братовчед a first cousin once removed
    първото издание the original/first edition
    първи полет a maiden flight
    първа реч a maiden speech
    първи сън (до полунощ) beauty sleep
    Александър първи Alexander the First, Alexander l
    първа скорост авт. first gear
    първи път the first time
    не му е за първи път it's not the first time he does that, he's an old hand (at that sort of thing)
    2. (най-важен, най-главен) first, foremost, primary, prime; chief, main
    първи в списъка at the top of the list
    първи глас муз. first part
    първо венчило o.'s first marriage
    педмети от първа необходимост prime necessities, staple commodities
    първи министър a prime minister
    3. (най-добър, изтъкнат) leading, best
    първи ученик top of o.'s form. top boy
    в първите редици на in the forefront of, in the first ranks of
    на/при пръв поглед at first sight/blush, on the face of it
    на първо място in the first place, first, first and foremost; for one thing
    пръв съм (в списък и пр.) lead, head
    на първо време at first, ( сега засега) for the time being
    при първа възможност at the first/earliest opportunity
    ела при пръв удобен случай come at your earliest convenience, come as soon as you can
    от първа ръка (за сведения и пр.) at first hand. прил. first-hand
    с първа поща by return post/mail
    пръв приятел best/bosom friend
    на пръв/ първи план in the foreground (и прен.)
    на първа линия in the lead, in the front ranks
    воен. in the front/firing/fighting line
    от пръв път at the first go/try
    от първия до последния everyone
    пръв по рода си first of its kind, unique
    първият човек рел. Adam
    правя нещо като първия човек bungle s.th.
    първо (ястие) същ. first course
    * * *
    пъ̀рви,
    прил., -а, -о, -и; пръв прил.
    1. first; (от два или повече предмета или лица) former; Александър Първи Alexander the First, Alexander I; дете на \първии братовчед a first cousin once removed; пристигам и пр. \първии be the first to arrive, etc.; be first in the field; \първиа реч maiden speech; \първиа скорост авт. first gear; \първиа страница (на вестник) front page, (на книга) title page; \първии балкон театр. dress circle; \първии полет maiden flight; \първии резултати first fruits; \първии сън (до полунощ) beauty sleep; \първиият срещнат the first man one meets; \първио пътуване (на кораб) maiden voyage; свиря \първиа цигулка play first fiddle (и прен.);
    2. ( най-важен, най-главен) first, foremost, primary, prime; chief, main; предмети от \първиа необходимост prime necessities, staple commodities; \първии в списъка at the top of the list; \първии глас муз. first part; \първии министър prime minister; \първио значение на дума primary meaning of a word; хранителни продукти от \първиа необходимост essential foodstuffs;
    3. ( най-добър, изтъкнат) leading, foremost; best; (за качество) first; в \първиите редици на in the forefront of; \първии ученик top of o.’s form, top boy; • на/при пръв поглед at first sight/blush, on the face of it; на \първиа линия in the lead, in the front ranks; воен. in the front/firing/fighting line; на \първио време at first, ( сега засега) for the time being; на \първио място in the first place, first, first and foremost; for one thing; на \първио място спорт. lead; от пръв поглед at first sight; от пръв път at the first go/try; от \първиа ръка (за сведения и пр.) at first hand, first-hand (attr.); от \първиия до последния everyone; from first to last; правя нещо като \първиия човек bungle s.th.; пръв по рода си first of its kind, unique; пръв съм (в списък и пр.) lead, head; \първиа ръка ( при беритба) first picking; \първиа ръка човек notable; \първии петли cockcrow; \първиия човек рел. Adam; с \първиа поща by return post/mail.
    * * *
    first: I was the първи to see him - Аз първи го видях., Alexander the first - Александър Първи, sing първи part - пея първи глас, at a първи sight - от пръв поглед, in първи place - на първо място, първи dish - първо ястие; top (най -добър); initial: book първи - книга първа, episode първи - първи епизод; former
    * * *
    1. (за качество) first 2. (най-важен, най-главен) first, foremost, primary, prime;chief, main 3. (най-добър, изтъкнат) leading, best 4. (от два или повече споменати предмети или лица) former 5. first 6. Александър ПЪРВИ Alexander the First, Alexander l 7. ПЪРВИ балкон театр. a dress circle 8. ПЪРВИ братовчед a first cousin 9. ПЪРВИ в списъка at the top of the list 10. ПЪРВИ глас муз. first part 11. ПЪРВИ май the first of May. (пра тика) May Day 12. ПЪРВИ министър a prime minister 13. ПЪРВИ полет a maiden flight 14. ПЪРВИ път the first time 15. ПЪРВИ сън (до полунощ) beauty sleep 16. ПЪРВИ ученик top of o.'s form. top boy 17. ПЪРВИят ред в театър the front row 18. ПЪРВИят срещнат the first man one meets 19. ПЪРВИят човек рел. Adam 20. в ПЪРВИте редици на in the forefront of, in the first ranks of 21. воен. in the front/firing/fighting line 22. глава/страница първа chapter/page one 23. дете на ПЪРВИ братовчед a first cousin once removed 24. ела при пръв удобен случай come at your earliest convenience, come as soon as you can 25. кола за първа помощ an ambulance (car) 26. на пръв/ПЪРВИ план in the foreground (и прен.) 27. на първа линия in the lead, in the front ranks 28. на първо време at first, (сега засега) for the time being 29. на първо място in the first place, first, first and foremost;for one thing 30. на/при пръв поглед at first sight/blush, on the face of it 31. не в първа младост past o.'s prime 32. не му е за ПЪРВИ път it's not the first time he does that, he's an old hand (at that sort of thing) 33. номер/том ПЪРВИ number/volume one 34. от ПЪРВИя до последния everyone 35. от пръв поглед at first sight 36. от пръв път at the first go/try 37. от първа ръка (за сведения и пр.) at first hand. прил. first-hand 38. педмети от първа необходимост prime necessities, staple commodities 39. правя нещо като ПЪРВИя човек bungle s.th. 40. при първа възможност at the first/earliest opportunity 41. пристигам и пр. ПЪРВИ be the first to arrive, etc.;be first in the field 42. пръв по рода си first of its kind, unique 43. пръв приятел best/bosom friend 44. пръв съм (в списък и пр.) lead, head 45. първа помощ first aid 46. първа реч a maiden speech 47. първа ръка (при беритба) first picking 48. първа ръка човек notable 49. първа скорост авт. first gear 50. първа страница (на вестник) front page, (на книга) title page 51. първа цигулка first violin 52. първата ми грижа my first task 53. първи петли cockcrow 54. първо (ястие) същ. first course 55. първо венчило o.'s first marriage 56. първо значение на дума primary meaning of a word 57. първо лице грам. first person 58. първо място сn. lead 59. първо пътуване (на кораб) a maiden voyage 60. първо число от месеца, първи the first of the month 61. първото издание the original/first edition 62. с първа поща by return post/mail 63. свиря първа цигулка play first fiddle (и прен.) 64. те дойдохаПЪРВИ they were the first to come

    Български-английски речник > първи

  • 8 LETTER

    tengwa (pl. tengwar is attested; this word was used primarily of the Fëanorian letters. However, the term "Tengwar of Rúmil" occurring in LotR:1151 seems to indicate that the word tengwa can indeed be used of a letter of any kind, not only the Fëanorian letters. In non-technical use tengwa may also be translated "consonant" [q.v.]. It is uncertain whether tengwa "letter" can be used in the sense mail, text sent in the post; the primary meaning is clearly "character, a single symbol in writing".) The noun tengwa is also the source of the verb tengwa- “read”. – Another word for “letter” is sarat (pl. sarati is attested) – an older [MET] word Tolkien notes was used of "a 'letter' or any individual significant mark", used of the Rúmilian letters after the invention of the Fëanorian Tengwar (but cf. the term "Tengwar of Rúmil" mentioned above). –TEK, WJ:396, VT49:48, LotR:1151

    Quettaparma Quenyallo (English-Quenya) > LETTER

  • 9 originario

    (pl -ri) original
    essere originario di come from, be a native of
    popolo originate in
    * * *
    1 original, former; ( primo) primary: la causa originaria, the primary cause; ha perso il suo originario splendore, it has lost its original shine; il significato originario di questa parola è mutato, the original meaning of this word has changed
    2 ( nativo, oriundo) original: gli abitanti originari di un paese, the original inhabitants of a country; un popolo originario dell'Asia, a people that originally came from Asia; paese originario, country of origin; è un animale originario dell'India, it is an animal indigenous to India; essere originario della Cina, to be of Chinese stock.
    * * *
    pl. -ri, - rie [oridʒi'narjo, ri, rje] aggettivo
    1) (proveniente) native (di of, to)

    è originario dell'Africa — he is o comes from Africa originally

    2) (iniziale) [forma, significato, obiettivo, aspetto] original
    * * *
    originario
    pl. -ri, - rie /oridʒi'narjo, ri, rje/
     1 (proveniente) native (di of, to); è originario dell'Africa he is o comes from Africa originally
     2 (iniziale) [forma, significato, obiettivo, aspetto] original.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > originario

  • 10 первоначальный

    прл

    первонача́льное значе́ние э́того сло́ва — the original/primary meaning of this word

    первонача́льное накопле́ние (капита́ла) — original/primary/primitive accumulation (of capital)

    первонача́льный пери́од — initial period

    Русско-английский учебный словарь > первоначальный

  • 11 cabane

    n. f.
    1. 'Nick', 'clink', jail. Faire de la cabane: To do time. (The word is an abbreviated version of la cabane aux mille lourdes.)
    2. (joc.): House (often a résidence secondaire or weekend dwelling). The tongue-in-cheek jocularity derives from the primary meaning: shack, equated with the grandeur of the residence described.
    3. Attiger la cabane: To 'lay it on a bit thick', to exaggerate.

    Dictionary of Modern Colloquial French > cabane

  • 12 brise-jet

    n. m. (joc.): 'Prick', 'cock', penis. N'avoir rien à se foutre sous le brise- jet: To be 'short of birds', to have no female company. (The jocularity stems from the primary meaning of the word: tap-swirl, that rubber extension which slows the flow of water from a tap.)

    Dictionary of Modern Colloquial French > brise-jet

  • 13 TWIN

    onóna (also = adj "twinborn", the primary meaning of the word), pl. ónoni (surprisingly, a dual form is not used) –WJ:367

    Quettaparma Quenyallo (English-Quenya) > TWIN

  • 14 zur fristlosen Kündigung aus wichtigem Grunde berechtigen

    zur fristlosen Kündigung aus wichtigem Grunde berechtigen
    to justify summary dismissal;
    • Sache dem Grund nach entscheiden to decide a case on its merits;
    • Grund zur Kündigung haben to have grounds for giving notice;
    • auf Grund laufen to run aground;
    • Grundabgabe ground rent (Br.), land tax (Br.);
    • Grundarbeitsbewertungspunkte basic job factor points;
    • augenblickliche Grundauflage (Zeitung) current circulation;
    • Grundausbildung initial training, elemental education, basic course;
    • Grundaussage (Anzeige) creative copy;
    • Grundausstattung basic facilities, initial equipment;
    • soziale Grundausstattung basic amenities;
    • Grundbedarf basic requirements;
    • Grundbedeutung primary meaning of a word;
    • Grundbedingung prerequisite, fundamental (basic, main) condition;
    • Grundbegriffe der Absatzwirtschaft basic grounding in marketing;
    • Grundbegriffe der Buchführung principles (fundaments) of bookkeeping;
    • nicht einmal die Grundbegriffe des Finanzwesens begreifen not to know the ABC of finance;
    • Grundbeitrag basic fee, flat-rate contribution;
    • Grundbelastung land charge.

    Business german-english dictionary > zur fristlosen Kündigung aus wichtigem Grunde berechtigen

  • 15 secondary

    1. n подчинённый
    2. n представитель, действующий по поручению
    3. n сановник второго ранга
    4. n эл. вторичная обмотка

    secondary emission — вторичная эмиссия; вторичное излучение

    5. n физ. вторичная частица; вторичный электрон
    6. a второй
    7. a средний
    8. a второстепенный

    a very secondary matter — второстепенный вопрос; дело, не представляющее важности

    9. a вторичный; производный
    10. a побочный, неглавный; второстепенный
    11. a дополнительный, добавочный
    12. a вспомогательный, подсобный
    13. a геол. мезозойский
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. alternate (adj.) alternate; auxiliary; subsidiary
    2. indirect (adj.) consequent; derivate; derivational; derivative; derived; following; indirect; proximate; resultant; subsequent
    3. small (adj.) dinky; insignificant; lesser; low; minor; minor-league; small; small-fry; small-time
    4. subordinate (adj.) ancillary; collateral; dependent; inferior; lower; petty; second; sub; subject; subordinate; subservient; tributary; under
    5. inferior (noun) inferior; junior; poor relation; scrub; subaltern; subordinate; underling; understrapper
    Антонимический ряд:
    major; preceding; primary

    English-Russian base dictionary > secondary

  • 16 основен

    basic, fundamental, underlying
    (главен) main. chief, principal, cardinal
    (цялостен) radical, thorough-going
    (първичен) primary; тех. middle
    хим. basic
    основен доклад a main report
    основен закон a fundamental/basic law
    основен камък a foundation stone
    основен капитал basic/fixed capital, stock-in-trade
    основен материал source material
    основен преглед a thorough examination
    основен речников фонд a basic stock of words
    основен тон муз. и прен. keynote
    основна храна basic food, staple diet
    основна причина a fundamental cause
    основна работа a regular/full-time job
    основна слабост/грешка an inherent weakness/mistake
    основно почистване (на къща) a spring cleaning, (на машина и пр.) a thorough cleaning
    основното (в учение и пр.) the essential/main thing
    основни въпроси main/basic problems, background problems
    основни принципи underlying principles
    основни начала points of reference
    основни линии/черти terms of reference, basic lines
    в основните си черти/линии in substance, in the main
    основни познания thorough/intimate knowledge (no of)
    * * *
    осно̀вен,
    прил., -на, -но, -ни basic, fundamental, underlying, core; ( главен) main, chief, principal, cardinal; ( цялостен) radical, thorough(-going); ( първичен) primary; техн. middle; хим. basic; (за съчинения) standard; като същ. \основенното (в учение и пр.) the essential/main thing; в \основенните си линии in substance, in the main; \основенен доклад main report; \основенен камък foundation stone; \основенен капитал basic/fixed capital, stock-in-trade; \основенен материал source material; \основенен речников фонд basic stock of words; \основенен тон муз. (и прен.) keynote; \основенна биография standard life; \основенна гласна език. stem vowel; \основенна дума (в речник) key-word; \основенна книга (по даден въпрос) standard book; \основенна мисъл keynote; \основенна причина fundamental cause; \основенна работа regular/full-time job; \основенна слабост/грешка inherent weakness/mistake; \основенна храна basic food, staple diet; \основенни въпроси main/basic problems, background problems; \основенни моменти highlights; \основенни начала points of reference; \основенни познания thorough/intimate knowledge (по of); \основенни принципи underlying principles; \основенни цветове primary colours; \основенни черти terms of reference, basic lines; \основенните форми на механиката mechanical powers; \основенният проблем the gut problem; \основенно значение primary meaning; \основенно положение basic assumption; \основенно почистване (на къща) spring cleaning, (на машина и пр.) thorough cleaning; \основенно правило ground/cardinal rule; \основенно уреждане (на въпрос) comprehensive settlement; \основенно училище primary school.
    * * *
    basal; basic: основен capital - основен капитал; capital (главен); general (главен); main (главен): основен subject - основна тема; primal (главен): основен goal - основна цел; alkaline (хим.); cardinal (кардинален); elemental; essential (същностен); fundamental; middle (техн.); pivotal; rudimentary{ru;di`mentxri}; thorough (обстоен)
    * * *
    1. (главен) main. chief, principal, cardinal 2. (за съчинения) standard 3. (първичен) primary;mex. middle 4. (цялостен) radical, thorough-going) 5. basic, fundamental, underlying 6. ОСНОВЕН доклад a main report 7. ОСНОВЕН закон a fundamental/basic law 8. ОСНОВЕН камък a foundation stone 9. ОСНОВЕН капитал basic/fixed capital, stock-in-trade 10. ОСНОВЕН материал source material 11. ОСНОВЕН преглед a thorough examination 12. ОСНОВЕН речников фонд a basic stock of words 13. ОСНОВЕН тон муз. и прен. keynote 14. в основните си черти/линии in substance, in the main 15. основна биография a standard life 16. основна гласна a stem vowel 17. основна дума (в речник) key-word 18. основна заплата basic pay 19. основна книга (по даден въпрос) a standard book 20. основна мисъл keynote 21. основна причина a fundamental cause 22. основна работа a regular/full-time job 23. основна слабост/грешка an inherent weakness/mistake 24. основна храна basic food, staple diet 25. основни въпроси main/basic problems, background problems 26. основни линии/черти terms of reference, basic lines 27. основни начала points of reference 28. основни познания thorough/ intimate knowledge (no of) 29. основни принципи underlying principles 30. основни учебни предмети basic subjects/studies 31. основни цветове primary colours 32. основните форми на механиката mechanical powers 33. основно значение a primary meaning 34. основно положение a basic assumption 35. основно почистване (на къща) a spring cleaning, (на машина и пр.) a thorough cleaning 36. основно правило a cardinal rule 37. основно уреждане (на въпрос) a comprehensive settlement 38. основно училище a primary school 39. основното (в учение и пр.) the essential/main thing 40. съставям основната храна на form the staple diet of 41. хим. basic

    Български-английски речник > основен

  • 17 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 18 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.
    119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.
    120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.
    121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.
    122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.
    123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.
    125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.
    126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.
    127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.
    128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.
    130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.
    133. Brenner, C. (1981) Defense and defense mechanisms. PQ, 50.
    134. Brenner, C. (1983) Defense. In: the Mind in Conflict. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    135. Bressler, B. (1965) The concept of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 52.
    136. Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1983—95) Studies on Hysteria. SE, 3.
    137. Breznitz, S., ed. (1983) The Denial of Stress. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    138. Brody, S. (1964) Passivity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    139. Brown, H. (1970) Psycholinquistics. New York: Free Press.
    140. Bruner, J. S. (1964) The course of cognitive growth. Amer. Psychologist. 19.
    141. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (1976) Play. New York Basic Books.
    142. Bruner, J. E., Olver, R. R. &Greenfield, P. M. (1966) Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: Wiley.
    143. Buie, D H. (1981) Empathy. JAPA, 29.
    144. Burgner, M. & Edgeumble, R. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relationships. PSOC, 27.
    145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
    146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.
    147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.
    148. Chassequet-Smirgel, J. (1978) Reflections on the connection between perversion and sadism. IJP, 59.
    149. Chomsky, N. (1978) Language and unconscious knowledge. In: Psychoanalysis and Language, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, vol. 3.
    150. Clower, V. (1975) Significance of masturbation in female sexual development and function. In: Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence, ed. I. Marcus & J. Francis. New York: Int. Uni" Press.
    151. Coen, S. J. & Bradlow, P. A. (1982) Twin transference as a compromise formation. JAPA, 30.
    152. Compton, A. Object and relationships. PMC. Forthcoming.
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    154. Curtis, B. C. (1969) Psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of impotence. In: Sexual Function and Dysfunction, ed. P. J. Fink & V. B. O. Hummett. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
    155. Darwin, C. (1874) The Descent of Man. New York: Hurst.
    156. Davidoff-Hirsch, H. (1985) Oedipal and preoedipal phenomena. JAPA, 33.
    157. Davis, M. & Wallbridge, D. (1981) Boundary and Space. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
    158. Deutsch, H. (1932) Homosexuality in women. PQ, 1.
    159. Deutsch, H. (1934) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    160. Deutsch, H. (1937) Absence of grief. PQ, 6.
    161. Deutsch, H. (1942) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    162. Deutsch, H. (1955) The impostor. In: Neuroses and Character Types. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.
    163. Devereux, G. (1953) Why Oedipus killed Lains. IJP, 34.
    164. Dewald, P. (1982) Psychoanalytic perspectives On resistance. In: resistance, Psychodynamics. and Behavioral Approaches, ed. P. Wachtel. New York: Plenum Press.
    165. Dickes, R. (1963) Fetishistic behavior. JAPA. 11.
    166. Dickes, R. (1965) The defensive function of an altered state of consciousness. JAPA, 13.
    167. Dickes, R. (1967) Severe regressive disruption of the therapeutic alliance. JAPA, 15.
    168. Dickes, R. (1981) Sexual myths and misinformation. In: Understanding Human Behaviour in Health and Illness, ed. R. C. Simon & H. Pardes. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
    169. Dorpat, T. L. (1985) Denial and Defense in the Therapeutic Situation. New York: Jason Aronson.
    170. Downey, T. W. (1978) Transitional phenomena in the analysis of early adolescent males. PSOC, 33.
    171. Dunbar, F. (1954) Emotions and Bodily Functions. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    172. Easson, W. M. (1973) The earliest ego development, primitive memory traces, and the Isakower phenomenon. PQ, 42.
    173. Edelheit, H. (1971) Mythopoiesis and the primal scene. Psychoanal. Study Society, 5.
    174. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relation ships, part I. PSOC, 27.
    175. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1975) The phallicnarcissistic phase. PSOC, 30.
    176. Eidelberg, L. (1960) A third contribution to the study of slips of the tongue. IJP, 41.
    177. Eidelberg, L. (1968) Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. New York: The Free Press; London: Collier-MacMillan.
    178. Eissler, K. R. (1953) The effect of the structure of the ego on psychoanalytic technique. JAPA, 1.
    179. Ellenberg, H. F. (1970) The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books.
    180. Emde, R. N. (1980) Toward a psychoanalytic theory of affect: I. & G. H. Pollock. Washington NYMH.
    181. Emde R., Gaensbaner, T. & Harmon R. (1976) Emotional Expression in Infancy. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    182. Erode R. & Harmon, R. J. (1972) Endogenous and exogenous smiling systems in early infancy. J. Amer. Acad. Child Psychiat., 11.
    183. Engel, G. L. (1962) Psychological Development in Health and Disease. New York Saunders.
    184. Engel, G. L. (1967) Psychoanalytic theory of somatic disorder. JAPA, 15.
    185. Engel, G. L. (1968) A reconsideration of the role of conversion in somatic disease. Compr. Psychiat., 94.
    186. English, H. B. & English, A. C. (1958) A comprehensive Dictionary of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Terms. New York: David McKay.
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    700. Rangell, L. (1966) An overview of the ending of an analysis. In: Psychoanalysis in Americas, ed. R. E. Litman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    701. Rangell, L. (1968) A point of view on acting out. IJP, 49.
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    703. Rangell, L. (1981) Psychoanalysis and dynamic psychotherapy. PQ, 50.
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    705. Rangell, L. (1985) The object in psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 33.
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    707. Rank, O. (1924) The Trauma of Birth. New York: Robert Brunner, 1952.
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    714. Reich, A. (1953) Narcissistic object choice in women. JAPA, 1.
    715. Reich, A. (1954) Early identifications as archaic elements in the superego. JAPA, 2.
    716. Reich, A. (1960) Pathologic forms of self-esteem regulation. PSOC, 15.
    717. Reich, W. (1933) Character Analysis. New York: Orgone Press, 1949.
    718. Reich, W. (1933) Some circumscribed character forms. In: Character Analysis. New York: Orgone Institute Press.
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    720. Reiser, M. (1984) Mind, Brain and Body New York: Basic Books.
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    725. Rioch, M. (1970) The work of W. R Bion on groups. Psychiatry, 33.
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    727. Ritvo, S. (1974) Current status of the concept of infantile neurosis. PSOC, 29.
    728. Robbins, F & Sadow, L (1974) A developmental hypothesis of reality processing. JAPA, 22.
    729. Rodman, F. R. (1987) Introduction In the Spontaneous Gesture — Selected Letters of D. W. Winnicott, ed. F. R. Rodman Cambridge—Harvard Univ. Press.
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    735. Rosenthal, S. M. (1968) The involutional depressive syndrome. Amer J. Psychiat., 124.
    736. Ross, N. (1967) The "as-if" concept. JAPA, 15.
    737. Ross, N. (1970) The primacy of genitality in the light of ego psychology. JAPA, 18.
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    754. Sarlin, C. N. (1970) The current status of the concept of genital primacy. JAPA. 18.
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    832. Strachey, J. (1962) The emergence of Freud's fundamental hypothesis. SE, 3.
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    838. Ticho, E. (1972) Termination of psychoanalysis. PQ, 41.
    839. Tolpin, M. (1970) The infantile neurosis. PSOC, 25.
    840. Tolpin, M. (1971) On the beginnings of a cohesive self. PSOC. 26.
    841. Tolpin, M. & Kohut, H. (1980) The disorders of the self. In: The Course of Life, ed. S. Greenspan & G. Pollock. Washington, B. C.: U. S. Dept. Health and Human Services.
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    843. Tyson, P. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    844. Tyson, P. (1982) A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object. JAPA, 30.
    845. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    846. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. The psychoanalitic theory of development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    847. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. (1984) Narcissism and superego development. JAPA, 34.
    848. Tyson, R. & Sundler, J. (1971) Problems in the selection of patients for psychoanalysis. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 44.
    849. Valenstein, A. F. (1979) The concept of "classical" psycho-analysis. JAPA. 27. (suppl.).
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    851. Waelder, R. (1930) The principle of multiple function. PQ, 5.
    852. Waelder, R. (1962) Book review of Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method and Philosophy, ed. S. Hook. JAPA, 10.
    853. Waelder, R. (1962) Psychoanalysis scientific method, and philosophy. JAPA, 10.
    854. Waelder, R. (1963) Psychic determinism and the possibility of prediction. PQ, 32.
    855. Waelder, R. (1967) Trauma and the variety of extraordinary challenges. In: Fuest (1967).
    856. Waelder, R. (1967) Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety: forty years later. PQ, 36.
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    866. Weinshel, E. M. (1968) Some psychoanalytic considerations on moods. IJP, 51.
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    869. Weinstock, H. J. (1962) Successful treatment of ulcerative colitis by psychoanalysis. Brit. J. Psychoanal. Res., 6.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 19 κόλος

    Grammatical information: adj.
    Meaning: of cows and goats `hornless, with not fullgrown horns' (Hdt., TheoC., Nic., H.), of a spear `without point' (Π 117), of battle `broken off' (sch. as name of Θ).
    Compounds: As 1. member in κόλουρος `with short tail' (Plu.), as mathem. and astron. term `stump' (Hipparch. Astr., Hero, Nicom.); with κολουραῖος `broken off, steep' ( πέτρα, Call.), κολούρα `hill etc.' (Hermione, Epid.), κολουρίᾳ τῃ̃ ἀποτομίᾳ, κολουρῖτις γῆ. Σικελοί H., κολούρωσις = κολόβωσις (Iamb.); Lat. LW [loanword] clūra `ape' (W.-Hofmann s. v., Leumann Sprache 1, 206 n. 8). -
    Derivatives: After κόλ-ουρος prob.(?) κόλ-ερος `with short-sheared wool-fleece' (Arist.; oppos. εὔ-, ἔπ-ερος; s. εἶρος); further κολόχειρ χείραργος H. - Derived from κόλος or closely related two verbs: 1. κολάζω, κολάσαι, rarely with συν-, ἀντι-, προ-, `wring in, chastise, punish, cut' (IA); prob. denomin. κόλασις `chastisment' (IA.), - ασμα (Ar., X.), - ασμός (Plu.) `id.'; κολαστής `punisher' (trag., also Pl., Lys.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 36f.), also κολαστήρ `id.' (Arr.), with f. κολάστρια (Ezek.), κολάστειρα (AP); κολαστήριον, adj. - ος `punishment, punishing' (X., Ph.), κολαστικός `punishing' (Pl.). - 2. κολούω, κολοῦσαι, somet. with περι-, κατα-, ἀπο-, `mutilate, limit' (Il.); formation unclear; (cf. Schwyzer 683, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 374; s. also on κωλύω). From it κόλουσις `docking, cutting short' (Arist.), κολούσματα κλάσματα H.
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: The archaic and dying κόλος, which was in a way replaced by the expressive form κολοβός, partly also by κόλ-ουρος, belongs as verbal noun to a Balto-Slavic, in Greek replaced by κολάπτω (s. v.) primary verb meaning `beat, hew, cut off, break off', which left in Greek several continuants, s. κλάω, κελεός m. (uncertain, improbable). The remarkable barytonesis (Schwyzer 459) may be connected with the passive meaning; perhaps κόλος was like stump orig. a substantive. A formal parallel is OCS kolъ `πάσσαλος', Russ. kol `pole' (prop. "splitoff, cut off piece of wood"?; cf. σκῶλος `pointed pole' to σκάλλω?); with lengthened grade Lith. kuõlas `pole'. - The further history of κόλος is uncertain because the word is not often attested; so we don't know, whether we must start from a general meaning like `stump' or from a word with a special meaning, like `hornless' (from *`broken off' v. t.); cf. the history of κόλουρος.- The parallels adduced are not very convincing; the verbs κολάπτω, κολούω, of unclear formation, point rather to a Pre-Greek complex.
    Page in Frisk: 1,902-903

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόλος

  • 20 ῥάκος

    Grammatical information: n.
    Meaning: `rag, schred, wrinkles, remnants' (Od.).
    Other forms: often pl. ῥάκεα, -η.
    Compounds: As 1. member in ῥακό-δυτος prop. `clothed in rags', `shabby' (E. in lyr.).
    Derivatives: 1. Dimin. ῥάκιον, pl. - ια n. (Ar. a.o.); 2. ῥακώματα pl. = ῥάκη (Ar.; enlarged, Chantraine Form. 187); 3. ἀπορ\<ρ\> ακίσματα H. to ῥάκη (: *ἀπο-ρρακίζειν); 3. adj. ῥάκ-ινος (hell. inscr.), - όεις (AP), - ώδης (D. C., AP) `tattered, wrinkled'; 4. Uncertain (spoiled Debrunner IF 23, 14) ῥακωλέον ῥάκος H. (: ῥωγαλέος a.o.); 5. Denom. vb. ῥακ-όομαι `to become ragged, wrinkled' (Hp., Plu.) with - ωσις f. `wrinkling, wrinkledness' (Sor.).
    Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
    Etymology: For ῥάκεα, -η stands Aeol. βράκ-εα (Sapph. 57), -η (Theoc. 28, 11), but in the sense of `(long) ladies' garments'; to this βράκος κάλαμος, ἱμάτιον πολυτελές H. Other formation: βράκαλον ῥόπαλον, βράκετον δρέπανον, κλαδευτήριον H.; cf. (without dissim.) ῥάκετρον `chopping-knife' (Poll.; v. l. ῥάχ- [after ῥάχις]) with - ετρίζω `split, cut through' (Pl. Com.). The deviating meaning `ladies' garments' creates doubt whether βράκεα, - ος in this sense belong here (s. Belardi Doxa 3, 199 f. with another, very doubtful etymology). The other words can be connected without difficulty with ῥάκος from Ϝράκος, with βράκαλον after ῥόπαλον, σκύταλον; βράκετ(ρ)ον seems to be a primary nom. instr., which like ῥάκος presupposes a primary verb, approx. aor. 2. *ῥακεῖν. -- No connection outside Greek. Old is the comparison with Skt. vrścáti `hew, fell (trees), split', with yūpa-vrask-á- `post-cutter' and the ptc. vr̥k-ṇá- `hewn, felled', which may stand for *vr̥ṣk-ṇá- and so makes a possible basis *ŭr̥k-nó- (= Gr. *Ϝρακ-) unnecessary. The from this reconstructed IE *u̯resk-, *u̯rosk- has a variant in the Slav. word for `rumple' (cf. ῥάκος, also `rumple'), e.g. Russ.-CSl. vraska from *u̯orsk-ā. Toch. A wraske `disease' is phonetically unclear and lies semant. far off. For IE *u̯resk-, u̯ersk- one could reconstruct an older *u̯reḱ-sk-, *u̯erḱ-sk-, through which the connections with u̯r̥ḱ- in ῥάκος would be established. An IE *u̯r̥ḱ- can however be found in the Indo-Iran. word for `tree' (prop. *'a felled tree'), Skt. vr̥kṣá-, Av. varǝša- m., IE *u̯r̥ḱ-s-o- beside *u̯r̥ḱ-os- in ῥάκος (s. Lidén in WP. 1, 286); then we have to abandon vr̥k-ṇá- \< IE *u̯rk-nó-. -- Cf. WP. l.c., Pok. 1163 (m. Lit.). Older lit. in Bq. -- Cf. ῥίνη, ῥινός.
    Page in Frisk: 2,640-641

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥάκος

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